This is very much ‘work in progress’ we have many more references we need to put here. Watch this space.
This is the place where we share ‘our sources’. It is updated on an on-going basis. If you have something you think we should be aware of please leave a comment.
First created: 21/4/11
Last updated: 22/4/11
Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black (2005) RE; WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Comment in: Lancet. 2005 Mar 26-Apr 1;365(9465):1114-6.
In 2000-03, six causes accounted for 73% of the 10.6 million yearly deaths in children younger than age 5 years: pneumonia (19%), diarrhoea (18%), malaria (8%), neonatal pneumonia or sepsis (10%), preterm delivery (10%), and asphyxia at birth (8%). The four communicable disease categories account for more than half (54%) of all child deaths. The greatest communicable disease killers are similar in all WHO regions with the exception of malaria; 94% of global deaths attributable to this disease occur in the Africa region. Undernutrition is an underlying cause of 53% of all deaths in children younger than age 5 years.
INTERPRETATION: Achievement of the millennium development goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds from the 1990 rate will depend on renewed efforts to prevent and control pneumonia, diarrhoea, and undernutrition in all WHO regions, and malaria in the Africa region. In all regions, deaths in the neonatal period, primarily due to preterm delivery, sepsis or pneumonia, and birth asphyxia should also be addressed. These estimates of the causes of child deaths should be used to guide public-health policies and programmes.
WHO estimates of the causes of death in children.
Durgavich, John, Betty Nabirumbi, and Simon Ochaka. (2008). Uganda: Mapping the distribution of commercial goods to the last mile. Arlington, Va.: USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 1.
‘….village retail faces many of the same challenges the health sector faces in supplying goods and services to rural communities, and yet manages to provide essential products, most of the time, at a reasonable cost.’
Gyapong, M et al. 1999. Report on Pre-testing of Instruments of Roll Back Malaria Needs Assessment in the Dangme West District, Ghana.
In Ghana, Kenya and Mali, research has shown that a course of pyrimethamine/ sulfadoxine antimalarials can cost several dollars. Yet per capita out-of-pocket health expenditure in Ghana and Kenya amounts to only around US$ 6 per year. Conversely, herbal medicines for treating malaria are considerably cheaper and may sometimes even be paid for in kind and/or according to the “wealth” of the client.
WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2002-2005 (who-edm_trm_2001.1).pdf
Obuobi, Alfred A.D., M. Pappoe, S. Ofosu-Amaah, and D. Y. Boni. (July 1999). Private Health Care Provision in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Small Applied Research 8. Bethesda, MD: Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc.
Traditional Birth Attendants
Policies should mobilize TBA apprentices for more in-depth training to ensure continuity of TBA practice. The capacity of TBAs should be strengthened to enable them to educate and counsel women for the following:
➢ Nutrition
➢ Immunization
➢ Family planning
➢ HIV/AIDS
➢ Oral rehydration salts for diarrheal management
➢ TBAs can also be trained to serve as community-based distributors for some contraceptives.
In Ghana, amongst private health practioners surveyed in GAR region: ‘60.9 percent would like a supply of drugs’.
The pharmacists were asked to rank the drugs most frequently purchased at their shops. The eight top- ranking drugs were analgesics, anti-malarials, antibiotics, multi-vitamins, antacids, dewormers, anti-hypertensives and anti-diarrheal. The list of drugs seem to correspond to with the treatment for the conditions commonly seen at private clinics, i.e., malaria, URTI, gastroenteritis hypertension, urinary tract infection, etc.
The majority of cases treated by TMPs (traditional healers) most often saw in the study area were medical cases such as diarrhea, piles, measles, malaria, impotency, hypertension and STDs.
Leivea, A & Ke Xub. 2008. Coping with out-of-pocket health payments: empirical evidence from 15 African countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86:849–856.
‘…the health systems … are generally characterized by low government revenues, low government and total health spending and few risk-pooling mechanisms. In 2002, total health expenditure was less than 30 US dollars (US$) per capita except in Namibia (US$ 97), Swaziland (US$ 63) and Zimbabwe (US$ 151) according to World health statistics 2007.(17) As a share of total health expenditure, out-of-pocket payments ranged from less than 6% in Namibia to over 60% in Cote d’Ivoire and Chad, with an average of about 40% for all 15 countries.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/World Health Organization (WHO), (2009). Diarrhoea : Why children are still dying and what can be done. ISBN 978-92-806-4462-3 (UNICEF), ISBN 978-92-4-159841-5 (NLM classification: WS 312) (WHO)
Diarrhoea remains the second leading cause of death among children under five globally. Nearly one in five child deaths – about 1.5 million each year – is due to diarrhoea. It kills more young children than AIDS, malaria and measles combined.
Formats to use
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Example for a book with one author:
Author’s surname, Author’s initials. Year. The Title of the Book in italics. Publisher’s name. Publisher’s address.
Link (where applicable)
Notes.
For example:
Gould, S. J. 1995. Dinosaur in a Haystack-Reflections in Natural History. Harmony Books. New York, New York.
Link (where applicable)
Notes (optional).
Example for a book with two authors:
First author’s surname, First author’s initials <and> Second author’s initials, Second author’s surname. Year. The Title of the Book in italics. Publisher’s name. Publisher’s address.
Link (where applicable)
Notes (optional).
For example:
Curtis, H. and N. S. Barnes. 1989. Biology, Fifth Ed. Worth Publishers, Inc. New York, New York.
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Example for a journal article:
Author’s surname, Author’s initials. Year. The Title of the Article. The Title of the Journal in italics. Volume number(issue number): beginning page number-end page number.
Link (where applicable)
Notes (optional).
For example:
Schwaegerle, K.E. and B. A. Schaal. 1979. Genetic Variability and Founder Effect in the Pitcher Plant Sarracenia Purpurea L. Evolution 33(4): 1210-1218.
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(Please notice that scientific names are also italicised, which is why the plant name is italicized even though it is in the article title).
Example for an article collected in a book:
Author’s surname, Author’s initials. Year. The Title of the Article. IN: Editor’s surname, Editor’s initials, (ed.), The Title of the Collection in italics or underlined, Publisher’s name. Publisher’s address.
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For example:
Slobodkin, L.B. 1975. Ecological Energy Relationships at the Population Level. In: Readings in Population and Community Ecology, Hazen, W.E., (ed.), W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
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